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Cake day: May 29th, 2024

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  • The microcode in integrated CPUs took care of routing your inputs and outputs to where they need to be, and triggering the various arithmetic operations as desired.

    In the transition from plugboards to programmed sequence control the thing that took over the task of routing values between registers, through the ALU, and to/from IO ports was the control unit. Microcode being one way to implement functionality in the control unit.

    One other approach was to use what was basically a finite state machine, implemented physically in-circuit. The output of that FSM was fed into a series of logic gates along with the current instruction value, with the output of that combination being connected to the control lines of the various CPU elements. Thus the desired switching/routing behavior occured.

    Modern chips are really complicated hybrids of microcode and a ton of interacting finite state machines. Especially in x86 complex or less commonly used instructions will be implemented in microcode, whereas simple/common instructions will be implemented by being “hardwired”, somewhat similar to the FSM technique described above (although probably more complicated).




  • I didn’t bother to read the paper, but the article says the system produced “10s of nanoamps at 10s of microvolts”. I’ll just assume each of those values are “100”, since that’s the highest value you could describe as “10s” of something.

    That works out to 0.01 nanowatts. For comparison the tiny solar panel on a solar powered calculator might produce 0.0075 watts, or 750 million times that amount of power.

    In reality, since wattage is a multiple of volts and amps, lowering both of those figures from my highball estimate would massively decrease the wattage. The solar calculator probably produces billions of times more power than this 1 foot long cylinder.

    So, i think its neat that they were able to measure an effect, but the article really should not even be mentioning power generation.







  • huge fucking place basically 50 mini countries who mostly hate each other.

    First, stop with the 50 countries crap.

    Next, the size of your country has zero, literally nothing at all, to do with transportation within an individual city. Get the “america special” shit out of your brain, please.

    New York does 8 million transit trips a day and it’s just a Lil state

    3.6 million people pass through this single building once a day every day:

    The rail lines in the Greater Tokyo Area serve in excess of 40 million people per day.

    If US cities really were so big and busy and extreme compared to the rest of the world like you seem to think, they would have a larger need for rail transit, not a lesser one. A rail line has a higher capacity than a highway lane, by at least an order of magnitude.

    I am asking you again, please get the “we are so special and big and extreme nowhere else is comparable at all, no one else could even comprehend it” crap out of your head.









  • Sort of

    Today we differentiate between the physical substance (or category of substances that are the ethers) and the alchemical concept of the aether, but look at the etymology of “ether”.

    The term “ethyl”, as in ethyl alcohol or ethanol, similarly traces its origins back to “ether”.

    At the time these various “light” flammable easily evaporated substances were conflated with each other, and were thought to be this sorta mystical stuff that was the fifth element from which the 4 other ones were differentiated from. Since it was undifferentiated it was supposed to be “pure”, and free of the messiness of ordinary life (space was thought to be filled with it because of the “perfect” predictable movements of the heavenly bodies). This is also where we get the word “quintessential”, which literally means “fifth essence”, to mean a pure, perfect, and archetypical example of something, without complications. It’s also where we get the word “ethereal” to mean “otherworldly”, “light”, “ghostly”, etc.

    It’s for similar reasons that we use the word “spirit” to mean both something that comes in a bottle and a disembodied soul. All sorts of alchemists from different areas and different times believed different things of course, but a lot of alchemical thought was based on the idea that everything had essences inside it which were hard to perceive or touch directly but which gave things their properties. In other words something’s essence is it’s spirit.

    Of course what they called “spirits” or “essences” were really things like distillation products, gasses driven off by heating, and the colored flames that you get when you put some metals in fire. But that’s what they thought was going on.